Deep Neural Networks step by step

Posted April 30, 2019 by Rokas Balsys

##### Linear Forward function:

Now when we have initialized our parameters, we will do the forward propagation module. We will start by implementing some basic functions that we will use later when implementing the model. We will complete three functions in this order:
• LINEAR
• LINEAR -> ACTIVATION where ACTIVATION will be either ReLU or Sigmoid.
• [LINEAR -> RELU] × (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID (whole model)

I could write all these functions in one block, but then it's harder to understand code, so I will leave it so for learning purposes.

I'll remind that the linear forward module (vectorized over all the examples) computes the following equation: $$Z^{[l]} = W^{[l]}A^{[l-1]} +b^{[l]}$$ where $A^{[0]} = X$.

##### Code for our linear_forward function:

Arguments:
A - activations from previous layer (or input data): (size of previous layer, number of examples).
W - weights matrix: numpy array of shape (size of current layer, size of previous layer).
b - bias vector, numpy array of shape (size of the current layer, 1).

Return:
Z - the input of the activation function, also called pre-activation parameter.
cache - a python dictionary containing "A", "W" and "b" ; stored for computing the backward pass efficiently.

def linear_forward(A, W, b):

Z = np.dot(W,A)+b

cache = (A, W, b)

return Z, cache


##### Linear-Activation Forward function:

In this tutorial we will test two activation functions:

• Sigmoid: $\sigma(Z) = \sigma(W A + b) = \frac{1}{ 1 + e^{-(W A + b)}}$. I will write you the $sigmoid$ function. This function returns $two$ items: the activation value "$a$" and a "$cache$" that contains "$Z$" (it's what we will feed in to the corresponding backward function). To use it we'll just call:
A, activation_cache = sigmoid(Z)


Sigmoid function:

def sigmoid(Z):
"""
Numpy sigmoid activation implementation
Arguments:
Z - numpy array of any shape
Returns:
A - output of sigmoid(z), same shape as Z
cache - returns Z as well, useful during backpropagation
"""
A = 1/(1+np.exp(-Z))
cache = Z
return A, cache


• ReLu: The mathematical formula for ReLu is $A = RELU(Z) = max(0, Z)$. I will write you the $relu$ function. This function returns $two$ items: the activation value "$A$" and a "$cache$" that contains "$Z$" (it's what we will feed in to the corresponding backward function). To use it we'll just call:
A, activation_cache = relu(Z)


ReLu function:

def relu(Z):
"""
Numpy Relu activation implementation
Arguments:
Z - Output of the linear layer, of any shape
Returns:
A - Post-activation parameter, of the same shape as Z
cache - a python dictionary containing "A"; stored for computing the backward pass efficiently
"""
A = np.maximum(0,Z)
cache = Z
return A, cache


For more convenience, we are going to group two functions (Linear and Activation) into one function (LINEAR->ACTIVATION). Hence, we will implement a function that does the LINEAR forward step followed by an ACTIVATION forward step.

##### Code for our linear_activation_forward function:

Arguments:
A_prev - activations from previous layer (or input data): (size of previous layer, number of examples).
W - weights matrix: numpy array of shape (size of current layer, size of previous layer).
b - bias vector, numpy array of shape (size of the current layer, 1).
activation - the activation to be used in this layer, stored as a text string: "sigmoid" or "relu".

Return:
A - the output of the activation function, also called the post-activation value.
cache - a python dictionary containing "linear_cache" and "activation_cache" stored for computing the backward pass efficiently.

def linear_activation_forward(A_prev, W, b, activation):

if activation == "sigmoid":
# Inputs: "A_prev, W, b". Outputs: "A, activation_cache".
Z, linear_cache = linear_forward(A_prev,W,b)
A, activation_cache = sigmoid(Z)

elif activation == "relu":
# Inputs: "A_prev, W, b". Outputs: "A, activation_cache".
Z, linear_cache = linear_forward(A_prev,W,b)
A, activation_cache = relu(Z)

cache = (linear_cache, activation_cache)

return A, cache


##### L-Layer Model implementation:

For more convenience when implementing the $L$-layer Neural Network, we will need a function that replicates the above (linear_activation_forward with RELU) $L-1$ times and then follows that with one linear_activation_forward with SIGMOID.

So writing our code we'll use the functions we had previously written. In the code below, the variable $AL$ will denote $A^{[L]} = \sigma(Z^{[L]}) = \sigma(W^{[L]} A^{[L-1]} + b^{[L]})$. (This is sometimes also called Yhat, i.e., this is $\hat{Y}$.)

##### Code for our L_model_forward function:

Arguments:
X - data, numpy array of shape (input size, number of examples).
parameters - output of initialize_parameters_deep() function.

Return:
AL - last post-activation value.
caches - list of caches containing every cache of linear_activation_forward() (there are L-1 of them, indexed from 0 to L-1)

def L_model_forward(X, parameters):
caches = []
A = X

# number of layers in the neural network
L = len(parameters) // 2

# Using a for loop to replicate [LINEAR->RELU] (L-1) times
for l in range(1, L):
A_prev = A

# Implementation of LINEAR -> RELU.
A, cache = linear_activation_forward(A_prev, parameters['W' + str(l)], parameters['b' + str(l)], activation = "relu")

# Adding "cache" to the "caches" list.
caches.append(cache)

# Implementation of LINEAR -> SIGMOID.
AL, cache = linear_activation_forward(A, parameters['W' + str(L)], parameters['b' + str(L)], activation = "sigmoid")

# Adding "cache" to the "caches" list.
caches.append(cache)

return AL, caches


Now we can test our functions we implemented in this tutorial with random numbers to see if they work well. I'll initialize neural network with 2 deep layers, with 4 inputs and one output. For inputs I'll use np.random.randn(input size, number of examples) command. Then I'll call L_model_forward function:

layers_dims = [4,3,2,1]
parameters = initialize_parameters_deep(layers_dims)
X = np.random.randn(4,10)
AL, caches = L_model_forward(X, parameters)

print("X.shape = ",X.shape)
print("AL =",AL)
print("Length of caches list =",len(caches))
print("parameters:",parameters)


X.shape = (4, 10)
AL = [[0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.50000402  0.5  0.50000157  0.5  0.5  0.50000136]]
Length of caches list = 3
parameters: {
'W1': array([[ 0.00315373, -0.00545479,  0.00453286, -0.00320905],
[-0.00219829, -0.00134337,  0.0017775 ,  0.01365787],
[-0.01525445,  0.01085829, -0.00822895,  0.00067442]]),
'b1': array([[0.],
[0.],
[0.]]),
'W2': array([[ 0.00094041, -0.01439561, -0.0117556 ],
[-0.00528372, -0.00807826,  0.02711167]]),
'b2': array([[0.],
[0.]]),
'W3': array([[0.00180661, 0.01540206]]),
'b3': array([[0.]])}


##### Full tutorial code:
import numpy as np

def sigmoid(Z):
"""
Numpy sigmoid activation implementation
Arguments:
Z - numpy array of any shape
Returns:
A - output of sigmoid(z), same shape as Z
cache -- returns Z as well, useful during backpropagation
"""
A = 1/(1+np.exp(-Z))
cache = Z
return A, cache

def relu(Z):
"""
Numpy Relu activation implementation
Arguments:
Z - Output of the linear layer, of any shape
Returns:
A - Post-activation parameter, of the same shape as Z
cache - a python dictionary containing "A"; stored for computing the backward pass efficiently
"""
A = np.maximum(0,Z)
cache = Z
return A, cache

def initialize_parameters(input_layer, hidden_layer, output_layer):
# initialize 1st layer output and input with random values
W1 = np.random.randn(hidden_layer, input_layer) * 0.01
# initialize 1st layer output bias
b1 = np.zeros((hidden_layer, 1))
# initialize 2nd layer output and input with random values
W2 = np.random.randn(output_layer, hidden_layer) * 0.01
# initialize 2nd layer output bias
b2 = np.zeros((output_layer,1))

parameters = {"W1": W1,
"b1": b1,
"W2": W2,
"b2": b2}

return parameters

def initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dimension):
parameters = {}

L = len(layer_dimension)

for l in range(1, L):
parameters["W" + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layer_dimension[l], layer_dimension[l-1]) * 0.01
parameters["b" + str(l)] = np.zeros((layer_dimension[l], 1))

return parameters

def linear_forward(A, W, b):

Z = np.dot(W,A)+b

cache = (A, W, b)

return Z, cache

def linear_activation_forward(A_prev, W, b, activation):

if activation == "sigmoid":
# Inputs: "A_prev, W, b". Outputs: "A, activation_cache".
Z, linear_cache = linear_forward(A_prev,W,b)
A, activation_cache = sigmoid(Z)

elif activation == "relu":
# Inputs: "A_prev, W, b". Outputs: "A, activation_cache".
Z, linear_cache = linear_forward(A_prev,W,b)
A, activation_cache = relu(Z)

cache = (linear_cache, activation_cache)

return A, cache

def L_model_forward(X, parameters):
caches = []
A = X

# number of layers in the neural network
L = len(parameters) // 2

# Using a for loop to replicate [LINEAR->RELU] (L-1) times
for l in range(1, L):
A_prev = A

# Implementation of LINEAR -> RELU.
A, cache = linear_activation_forward(A_prev, parameters['W' + str(l)], parameters['b' + str(l)], activation = "relu")

# Adding "cache" to the "caches" list.
caches.append(cache)

# Implementation of LINEAR -> SIGMOID.
AL, cache = linear_activation_forward(A, parameters['W' + str(L)], parameters['b' + str(L)], activation = "sigmoid")

# Adding "cache" to the "caches" list.
caches.append(cache)

return AL, caches

layer_dims = [4,3,2,2,1]
parameters = initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dims)
X = np.random.rand(4, 10)
AL, caches = L_model_forward(X, parameters)

print("X.shape =", X.shape)
print("AL =", AL)
print("Lenght of caches list = ", len(caches))
print("parameters:", parameters)


Now we have a full forward propagation that takes the input X and outputs a row vector $A^{[L]}$ containing our predictions. It also records all intermediate values in "caches". Using $A^{[L]}$ we can compute the cost of our predictions.
So this was more difficult tutorial part to understand, but don't worry. You can read if few more times, print values out to get better understanding.
In next tutorial we'll build a cost function and we'll start building back propagation functions.